G. Rare Earth Elements-End Use and Recyclability

Scientific investigations report 2011–5094 of U.S. Geological Survey, 2011. 22 p.
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Rare earth elements are used in mature markets (such as catalysts, glassmaking, lighting, and metallurgy), which account for 59 percent of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements, and in newer, high-growth markets (such as battery alloys, ceramics, and permanent magnets), which account for 41 percent of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements. In mature market segments, lanthanum and cerium constitute about 80 percent of rare earth elements used, and in new market segments, dysprosium, neodymium, and praseodymium account for about 85 percent of rare earth elements used. Regardless of the end use, rare earth elements are not recycled in large quantities, but could be if recycling became mandated or very high prices of rare earth elements made recycling feasible.Abstract
Introduction
End Uses for Rare Earth Elements
Mature Market Sectors
Catalysts
Glass
Metallurgy (Excluding Battery Alloy)
Phosphors
Developing Market Sectors
Ceramics
Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets
Battery Alloys
Other (Unspecified)
Summary
References Cited